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Inference in Perception -
Perception involve the senses of touch, smell, taste and sound. Inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion.
Inference in Perception - Among the ancient philosophers of India the most pre - eminent was Kapila.
His philosophical approach was unique, and as philosopher he stood in a class by himself.
His philosophy was known as the Sankhya philosophy. Inference in Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us.
Through the perceptual process, we gain information about the properties and elements of the environment that are critical or our survival.
The tenets of his philosophy were of a startling nature.
Truth must be supported by proof. This is the first tenet of the Sankhya system. There is no truth without proof.
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Differences Between Perception and inference
For the purposes of proving the truth Kapila allowed only two means of proof.
- Perception
- and Inference
By perception is meant mental apprehension of a present object.
Inference is threefold :
- From cause to effect, as from the presence of clouds to rain,
- From effect to cause, as from the swelling of the streams in the valleys to rain in the hills, and
- By analogy, as when we infer from the fact that a man alters his place when he moves that the stars must also move, since they appear in different places.
His next tenet related to causality creation and its cause.
Kapila denied the theory that there was a being who created the universe.
In his view a created thing really exists beforehand in its cause just as the clay serves to form a pot, or the thread go to form a piece of cloth.
This is the first ground on which Kapila rejected the theory that the universe was created by a being.
This is the first ground on which Kapila rejected the theory that the universe was created by a being.
But there are other grounds which he advanced in support of his point of view.
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Perceptual And Inference Definition
Source of the empirical universe:-
The non - existent cannot be the subject of an activity : There is no new creation.
The product is really nothing else than the material of which it is composed : the product exists before its coming into being in the shape of its material of which it is composed.
Only a definite product can be produced from such material, and only a specific material can yield a specific result.
What then the source of the empirical universe?
What then the source of the empirical universe?
Kapila said the empirical universe consists of things evolved ( Vyakta) and things that are not evolved (Avyakta). Individual things cannot be the source of unevolved things.
Individual things are all limited in magnitude and this is incompatible with the nature of the source of the universe.
Individual things are all limited in magnitude and this is incompatible with the nature of the source of the universe.
All individual things are analogous , one to another and, therefore, no one can be regarded as the finals source of the other.
Moreover, as they all come into being from a source, they cannot constitute that source.
Further, argued Kapila, an effect must differ from its cause, through it must consist of the cause.
Further, argued Kapila, an effect must differ from its cause, through it must consist of the cause.
That being so, the universe cannot itself be the final cause.. It must be the product of some ultimate cause.
When asked why the unevolved cannot be perceived, why does it not show movement which would make it perceivable, Kapila replied : It may be due to various causes.
When asked why the unevolved cannot be perceived, why does it not show movement which would make it perceivable, Kapila replied : It may be due to various causes.
It may be that its fine nature makes it imperceptible,
- just as other things of whose experience there is no doubt,
- cannot be perceived,
- or because of their too great a distance
- or proximity,
- or though the intervention of a third object, or through admixture with similar matter, or though the presence of some more powerful sensation
- or the blindness
- or other defect of the senses
- or the mind of the observer. "
When asked : what then is the source of the universe?
What makes the difference between the evolved and unevolved part of the universe?
Kapila reply was Things that have evolved have a cause and the things that have not evolved have also a cause. But the source of both is uncaused and independent.
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Perceptual And Inference Example
Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas:-
The things that have evolved are many in the number and all-time pervasive.
The things evolved have activities and parts : the source is imminent in all, but has neither activities not parts.
Kapila argued that the process of development of the unevolved is though the activities of three constituent of which it is made up, Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas.
Kapila argued that the process of development of the unevolved is though the activities of three constituent of which it is made up, Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas.
These are called Gunas.
The first of the constituent or factors, correspond to what we call us light in nature, which reveals, which causes pleasure to men, the second is that impels and moves, what produces activity, the third is what is heavy and puts under restraint, what produces the state of indifference or inactivity.
The three constituents act essentially in close relation, they overpower and support one another and intermingle with one another.
The three constituents act essentially in close relation, they overpower and support one another and intermingle with one another.
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Perception Meaning
They are like the constituents of a lamp, the flame, the oil and wick.
When three Gunas are in perfect balance, none overpowering the other, the universe appears statics ( Achetan) and ceases to evolve.
When the three Gunas are not in the balance, one overpower the other, the universe become dynamic (Sachetan) and evolution begins.
When the three Gunas are not in the balance, one overpower the other, the universe become dynamic (Sachetan) and evolution begins.
Asked why the Gunas become unbalanced, the answer which Kapila gave was this disturbances in the balance of the three Gunas was due to the presence of Dukha (suffering).
Such were the tenets of Kapila's philosophy.. Of all the philosophers the Buddha was greatly impressed by the doctrine of Kapila.
Such were the tenets of Kapila's philosophy.. Of all the philosophers the Buddha was greatly impressed by the doctrine of Kapila.
He was the only philosopher whose teachings appeared to the Buddha to be based on logic and facts.
But he did not accept everything which Kapila taught.
But he did not accept everything which Kapila taught.
Only three things did the Buddha accept from Kapila.
He accepted that reality must rest on proof.
Thinking must be based on regionalism.
He accepted that there was no logical or factual basis for the presumption that God exists or that he created the universe.
Conclusion -
Conclusion -
Perception is the process which people are aware of objects and events in the external world.
An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning.
( suffering) in the world.
The rest of Kapila's teachings he just bypassed as being irrelevant for his purpose.
