Energy Innovations in Modern Technology

Energy In Technology - Most energy  and Power Technology examples with energy Technology factor as energy and Technology hired energy in technology.

Energy In Technology - Importance of energy is required for all motions and growth in the physical world. Since the earliest days of Civilization human beings have used their own Mushkil powers animal power and fire for meeting the essential energy in technology needs.

The use of tools for production of the food with the necessary accompanying energy as typified by agriculture and hunting brings into sharp focus the essential nature of energy it is said that even in 400 BC oil is used as a lamp fuel in the Greek Islands.

Their use of wind energy for navigation and in the form of wind mills in 3 year old and was prevalent in the different parts of the worlds.

However with the invention of steam engine in the 18th century energy acquired a special significance ushering in the industrial revolution.


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Energy Technology Impact Factor  

The ultimate source of energy  -

Till recent times it was thought that energy and matter where quite distance and hence the total quantum of energy in the world was always concerned in spite of conservation of energy from one form to another.

The important physical forms of energy are mechanical potential and kinetic heat radiating light radio it is chemical energy electromagnetic radiation and nuclear.

Sum of the energy conservation are reversible but some others are Irreversible. However the ultimate source of energy in the solar system.

The energy that emanate from the sun in the forms of radiation and is incident on the earth is ultimately responsible for the all different forms in which we find energy in the solar system.

The Solar radiations takes three different forms of the electromagnetic spectrum ultraviolet light and infrared.

The light from the sun is essential for photosynthesis in the green plant which process they ultimately responsible for the existence of all plants and animal life on the earth.

Decide the heat from the sun also provides the climate for the growth of crops and explain the formation of the freshwater on earth in the forms of rain and snow.

All chemical fuels like wood cow dogs and the whole range of the fossil fuel calls oil and natural gases are ultimately derived from plants and animal life that have grown because of the action of the Sun. The human and animal energy also can be ultimately traced to the solar energy.



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Energy And Power Technology Definition  

Different sources of energy


The non commercial sources of energy include human and animal energy.

The primitive sources of fuel energy include would outs etc.

The conventional sources of energy are coal oil natural gas that it is.

These conventional sources are also described as non renewable or exhaustible since all of them are likely to be e depleted in the long run.

Nuclear energy is also sometimes considered a conventional source of the energy but it may as will be included in the list of non conventional and renewable sources of energy which list included solar energy bio energy wind energy tidal energy Ocean energy geothermal energy etc. The term alternate sources of energy is used to cover the renewable sources of energy listed above.

It is worth nothing that bio energy and animal energy have been in use from time immemorial and qualify to be called new and Renewable Sources only in the context of their modern forms.

Energy And Technology  

Solar Energy -

The energy from the sun in the forms of solar radiation which is in in reality the basic source of all energy in the solar system has been rediscovered as an important alternate source of energy in the latter half of the 20 century.

Since the world started looking around for new and renewable source in addition to the conventional sources naturally the first such Renewable Sources to attract the attention of the scientist what the solar energy.

It is estimated that nearly 35% of the energy from the sun incident on the atmosphere is reflected back into open space about 18% is absorb by the atmosphere and it user to drive the wine systems.

Nearly 47 % of solar radiation does reaches the earth.

The quantum of energy is so what that in one year the Solar Energy incident on India is equivalent to 120 trillion tons of coal that is more than 20 times the coal Reserve of the world.

It is said that all energy used by any country is less than the sunlight that strikes only its buildings.

This gives an idea of scope for utilisation of solar energy.

The use of solar energy for crying the crops clothes and other products has been known since the ancient times
a even efforts have been made in the remote past to concentrate solar energy through reflector how you are the modern use of solar energy are contemplated in the form of
1) conservation of solar energy into heat to conservation of solar energy directly into electricity
2) bio energy and for conservation of solar energy into other forms by making use of wind waves temperature gradient in the ocean etc.

Solar energy in the form for heat  -


By using a blackened sheet of collecting the radiant energy of the Sun and preventing loss of heat from this it due to conduction Convection and radiation the temperature of the sheet can be rise to a maximum of 140 degree Celsius solar collector is a device to insulate the blackened to radiation from such heat loss.

1st floor collector forms part of the various solar energy appliance used as cookers heater Dairy a returner's steam generators and as a desalination device.

Solar cooker of different types are pictured commercially in India.

In fact India became the first country to start commercial manufacture of solar cooker on large scale in 1982.

This Solar water heating system have many applications in domestic and industrial sectors.


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Photo voltaic Technology  -


The conversion of solar Radiant energy directly into electricity is done using photo voltaic Technology.

The photo voltaic effect of certain solid-state materials is the basic principle applied in the construction of a solar cell.

The first practical solar cell was produced in the USA in 1954, Using a single crystal silicon.

Since then the solar cells have been used mainly in the outer space to provide power for various requirements in satellites.

Solar cell is essentially a semiconductor device which permit generation of voltage when lights fall on it.

The fission of solar cell is defined as the ratio of the electric power output to the amount of solar energy incident on the same most of the photon energy not recovered as electricity is converted into thermal energy in the cell. The life span of the single crystal Silicon device ranges between 15 to 20 years.


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Energy And Power Technology Examples 

Wind Energy  -

Wind energy has been used for thousands of years for year for propelling ships pumping water and grinding grain.

Wind energy conversion takes place ok small wind mills for water pumping are operating in several countries including India.

Wind energy is a high quality from of mechanical energy that can be e converted into electrical energy with minimal energy loss.

The technical journal on wind energy of the UN conference of new and renewable sources of energy at Nairobi in 1981 has pointed out that wind energy has been traditionally cost effective and that recent experiment proved that improved knowledge of wind system should lead to the white scale contribution of energy from the wind.

However there are practical problems particularly regarding the idle period when wind energy is not available for operation.




 Ocean Energy -

Energy from the motion is available in several forms such as Ocean Thermal Energy wave energy tidal energy gallon salinity gradient ocean currents Ocean winds and Biomass of the ocean.

of the the first for the more promising one of economic excitation.

Atoms at setting up Ocean Thermal Energy conversion plants are one throughout the world.

In India a plant it has been set up in Lakshadweep OTEC plant makes use of the temperature gradient between the surface and the depth.

Apart from electricity it produce by product like food fertilizers Methane aluminium Ammonia liquid hydrogen and fresh water.

Regarding use of waves energy research is containing in several institutions in the world to develop economical device to harness wave energy.

Non commercial scale wave energy unit has been established to fat oven the several problems relating to sea corrosion transmitting the power ashore.


Bio - Energy

This term includes all those processes where biological forms of matter such as plants vegetable bacteria etc provides the basic for energy or it's conversion from one form to another.

Wide use of wind energy bioenergy is the burning of woods plants and Agriculture matter to produce heat .

Vegetable Biomass is a new name of plant organic material where in solar energy trapped and stored through the process of photosynthesis . Biomass includes terrestrial and aquatic  matters which are grouped into three categories new plant growth plant reduces and waste.

Conclusion :-

About 40% of the total energy in technology consumed in India today comes from Woods , wood waste and animal waste. Most dried from of biomass can be burnt directly to produce heat steam or electricity but bio logical convention Technologies Utilising natural anaerobic decay process produce high quality fuels directly from Biomass are Methane from bacterial Fermentation for ethanol from east Fermentation. Thermo chemical conversion Technologist utilise high temperatures and pressures in the absence of oxygen.

Culture of India Issues & Identity

Culture Of India - Culture is true moment of Indian culture facts in Culture of India. Culture definition may be right for become expert in culture.

Culture Of India - Unifying and divisive forces , India is a land of contrasts.  Unity in diversity rather than uniformity is the norms of in India .

This give a clue to identify the unifying and divisive forces in India .

True India was never a single political unit before independence in 1947 the Culture Of India unity of this subcontinent was recognised inside and outside the country .

The natural geographical boundaries common history linguistic relations and religious harmonium a strong unifying factors in the past .

This was so because no uniformity was enforced in the matter of language religion history and culture .

It is worth nothing that this very factor can become disruptive and divisive when force is used and uniformity is sought to be achieved .

This is the Crux of cultural problems in India .

That India culture is composite has not been traced sufficiently in recent times .

The Indian culture we do not mean a uniform culture prevailing in the section of the society how your powerful this section may be politically economically and socially .

Besides the main crop employees consent not consensus .

So in our polity there is no scope for the minority in the aspect to trust anything down the thoughts of the minority in order to achieve the uniformity .

Unless this basic positions is understood it will be impossible to solve the cultural problem of the country amicably .

We discuss below the different aspect of our composite Culture Of India which possess problems from time to time. India's Cultural Problems, the Need for Cultural Reforms in any society are closely linked to social and economic reforms .

After independence the Indian government has introduced some major economic reforms .

These and indirectly change the cultural landscape of India .

The impact of social reforms like abolition of untouchability emancipation of Women's , prohibition of dowry, reservation for the schedule caste and tribes etc on the culture arena have wind still more momentous. However there is a case for carrying the economic and social reforms to their logical conclusion .

Interprocess the integrity of our national culture may undergo district changes .

Big reforms should be spearheaded by enlightened individuals and institutions in the society the government cannot successfully carry out degree forms only through legislation .

If the basic contradictions in the society are successfully resolved we may hope that a new strong and composite National culture will arise on the Indian scene.

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Indian Culture Facts Religion And Secularism

The pervasive religion of India is Hinduism and its married variations

Hinduism is not having a common hierarchical setup .

This is both its strength and its weakness .

There is hardly a dogma to which all Hindus subscribe Hinduism accommodated within its fold all person ranging from artistic to monotheists and polytheists .

It is a unique kind of tolerance that was responsible for the survival and vigour of Hinduism throughout the ages and for keeping the diverse masses of India under one Umbrella .

The balance and harmony within Hinduism itself will be upset if sectarian approach gains dominance.

The different set of Hinduism which subscribe to specific dogmas and Adopt characteristic ways of life are actually  in minority .

Its small groups and sit try to project there on philosophy or theologies as applicable to all Hindus the religion harmony in the country will be violently disturbed.

Minority religious communities have lived in India from time immemorial .

In fact the religion of the tribal in India are essentially separate from the majority religion communal harmony in India had been based on mutual understanding and tolerance.

The Muslim throughout India and Christians in South India lead a social life hardly distinguishable from that of the Hindus .

Even when the religious minorities preserve their social identity in the local community there is a lot of Give and take between the people of all communities .

Big come in your harmony in India is clearly seen in the celebration of major festivals of India and in important local festivities .

Thus there is no inherent source of religion conflict in India .

Dick come in your disturbances that have occurred  in India since the beginning of this century have no parallel in the past nor are they based on invertebrate hurted and Amity  as in certain other parts of the world .

So what is important is that the saints of religious tolerance should be further cultivated and all the politician in India should sincerely undertake not to bring religion into politics.

India is needed to secularism, defining secularism or S.  Radhakrishnan says secularism here does not mean irreligion or atheism  or even stress on material Comforts. It proclaims that it Lays stress on the universality of spiritual values which may attend by the variety of ways . Bit to impair in Indian history who South to give a secular polity to India are Ashoka and Akbar.

Ashoka in rock edict proclaimed one who reverence one's own religion and this disparages of an other does injury to one's own religion .

It is very  Concord of religion that is meritorious .

Centuries later Akbar permitted the various religious communities are divine Treasures entrusted to us by God.

We must love them as such.

It should be our form faith that every religion is blessed by him .

This secular tradition should be  carried forward.


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Indian Culture And Language

In independence India the full diversity of regional culture has come to the forefront and is gaining momentum.

Its progress can be arrested only at peril to National Unity .

The foreign rule and the English language had given a semblance of uniformity to Indian culture.

Now that we are free the natural tendency of every region and language is to assert its importance and fast Glory .

In this sense culture itself become a divisive force and caused a strain on the fragile political unity of India .

Language is a sensitive issue and in a country where crores of people speak a fully grown language.

It is difficult to deny that language its rightful place .

In India the number of such languages runs into 15 if not more .

So many attempts to have a common language or link language has to be pursued with extraordinary cautions and maturity .

It is easy to stirrup honest nest but very difficult to set up right abbreviation in this delicate matter
Even when Sanskrit was patronised by all rulers in Northern India it could not become the language of the masses and had to die 2000 years ago .

Tamil which had grown to its full stature even before Sanskrit came to India and which still continues to be alive and strong having given birth to other drive Indian languages .

Still could not spread to the whole of India . Persian which was the court language for many centuries give only a few common words to the whole of India .

English with all its advantage as a modern language and as a state language for nearly two centuries is still can fine to a small percentage of the Indian population.

Under the circumstances The possibility of having a common language acceptable to the whole of India is really remote .

In any case concurrent efforts to force any such language can only  Boomerang at this juncture.
 India is really caught in the horn of the dilema with regards to its language policy .

Does states are going ahead with full vigour to introduce their regional languages at all stages of Administration and education .

On the other hand there is glamour for advancing the piece of Hindi as the common language of the countries.

Of course none will plead the case of English expect on the ground of expediency and practicability .

These contradictions can be e amicably resolved only why granting the popularity of Indian culture .

It is not uniformity in the linguistic field that will unit India but genius understanding based on the reality of multiplicity language.

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Culture(Regional) And History

The cultural practices of the reason the community and Groups of India is varied.  Which tribal community has its own culture practices .

So many attempts to project the superiority of the culture of any groups reason or community over those of other will stain the culture harmony in India .

Already there is a reaction in the southern States against the claim made by some groups that the Aryans where the standards the area of the Indian civilization and the vedic culture is real culture of India .

The tribal state in the north and east India and somewhat worried about the loss of Identity of their culture .

The recent attempts to ban cow slaughter causes of serious missgivings in the minds of people in the outline States.

For quite some time history of North India officially date of the reason round Delhi has been projected as the only history of India .

Now efforts are being made by many states governments to write the the history of their reasons.

All the regional histories should be integrated to prepare a comprehensive and unbiased history of India.


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Role Of The Government in Culture Definition 

Strictly speaking culture is not a function of the state.

However in the parts the ruler and the kings where the best patterns of Arts and culture .

The modern will for States cannot but participate in such a Vital field of life as a culture .

But it is desirable that on the whole the role of the states is this respect is a negative one .

That States should normally step in only when there is any clash of culture interest or distortion of basic values.

State patronage to culture in India has taken the forms of department of culture at the centre the three Academy Sahitya Academy and Sangeet Natak Academy and Lalit Kala Academy and the Indian Council for cultural relations.

Conclusion :-

State to cultural Institutions and individual may easily degenerate into an instrument of control over the development of culture of India and arts .

Besides sectional Culture Of India may be promoted at the cost of the people

Culture Evolution In Everyday India

Culture India - No culture can be immune to change the new cleavages introduce in the society by modernization along class, rural and urban lines.

Culture India  - Thick composite culture of India has undergone modernization to some extent and the impact of modernization contrary to the common belief husband wholly good and has been in the direction of strengthening the culture unity of India.


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The Impact Of Modernisation 

Today Indians in general the educated Indians in particular share common political ideas and take part in common political process.

These modern ideas and institutions have created a common Outlook in all Indians the like of which I was never experienced before.

The political leaders and statesmen at the national level today exercise and improves that could never have been dreamt of the most powerful ruler in the past.

Still Gator has been the impact of modern mode of living on the Indian culture.

Food and dress habits of the people have been considerable e affected by the modern Civilization which had its origin in Europe and America.

There is an all round tendency to imitate and to adopt the Western style of living.

The Western Civilization with its emphasis on materialism and comfort cannot but make more and more inroads into any tradition bound culture for the simple reason that the former makes life more comfortable.

Most of the Indian godmen,  philosopher and custodians of culture have taken to modern means of comfort and luxury.

So it is too much to expect that the mass of Indians will stick to their old ways of life discarding their allurements  material comfort.

It is an an irony that the more the the Indians adopt the Western style of Living the stronger will be the culture unity of India.

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New Attitudes 

In the  context of building a new Indian culture for the future the attitude which we have already any inherited to some extent from contact with the western culture become very important.

Some of these attitudes might have had there moorings in the accent Indian culture heritage birthday really 12 fact is that this attitude in the form suitable for the modern age have to be widely diffused to create a strong and United India and to  evolve a suitable culture for the all future.

Foremost among these attitude is the scientific attitude or scientific temper that now find a place in our constitution.

Along with scientific temper goes rationalism.

The scientific temper is necessary not only to make the fullest use of science and technology in the modern world and to produce more and more first-rate scientist in the country but also to find meaningful solution to our numerous problems and to get rid of a host of superstitions and obscurantism practices which keep the mass of people mentally backward in spite of the material progress .

Revivalism and obscurantism have got a new lease of life in India since independence.

If allowed to profile rate, they will not only take the country backward but imperil the fragile unity of India .


Since we have accepted the idea of secular democratic and socialist state our culture values and ideas have to be modified suitable.

Every model state has to work for industrial progressive.

Send the modern concept of democracy socialism and secularism and the industrial and the urban culture are of Western origin we need not be shy of understanding them in the proper perspective and shy away from taking the good elements in them.

In fact we should learn from others even as he Other countries are expected to learn from.

This does not mean that we should not adapt the new attitude according to our needs and circumstances and to fit the genius of our people.

The modern democracy required for its success respect for individual Liberty readiness to abide by the rule of the game offence of liberalism and in word discipline on the part of the citizenry.

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These attitudes have to be cultivated systematically in the mass of citizens. Socialism can be realised in a democracy only if there is a substantial change in the outlook and value of the people.

It is the lack of this change that is at the root of our failure on the socialist front in spite of all our profession of commitment to socialism.

Vested interest in the country are too many and the masses have not awakened to the new values and Herbs that are necessary for the proper implementations of socialism.

The industrial culture and city life have their own compulsion people cannot but adjust to them.

Mechanical life and daily routine are implicit in the industrial and urban culture people have naturally force to accept new values and aspirations of life like punctuality official promotions etc.

All these cultural elements in herent in modernization have the curious effect off Unity Indian culturally cutting across the traditional division factors such as reason language cast etc it cannot be denied that simultaneously they have divided Indians along new line as we shall presently see.

Harmony Of Class Cultures, Rural And Urban Cultures -

The new cleavages introduce in the society by modernization along class lines and rural and urban lines.

Antagonism has slowly been built between the Elite and masses the educated and the uneducated .

However there is no tussle as such between the groups seen on the one hand the elite and educated themselves claim to champion the cause of masses and the uneducated and on the other hand the Assumed culture Superiority of the former over the letter hardly any scope of the tussle.

The masses and the uneducated have to look up to the light and they educated for leadership in cultural matter .

However the culture of the upper and Middle classes can no more be projected as the National culture of India.

In the past the Aristocrats and the upper class might have claimed to have been the touch bearers of the culture of any country.

Now a days not only the middle classes who constituted a sizable section of the society as opposed to the upper classes who form a small section of the population but even the lower classes including backward classes and depression people cannot be ignored on the culture Arena.

What your might have been the situation in the past culture cannot be regarded as the privilege of any class how you are gifted or talented it may be

Search an other options will go against the basic knots of democracy and socialism.

So culture has to be defined as the harmonious expression of human values common to all the fiction communities and the class of India

This will mean that individual will have full freedom to develop his talent and to create art and culture what will not be allowed to flourish at the cost of others all too to disparage certain sections of this society as inferior to him and his community.

Also due wastage will be given to the culture creation values and practices of the different sections of the society in defining the composite culture of India.

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Whatever has been said above regarding the present imbalance between culture of classes will mutatis  apply to the imbalance between rural and urban culture of India also.

The corrective to be applied is the proper recognise actions of the importance of the ruler culture that is prevalent among 80% of the population.

Conclusion :- 

The good features of the ruler culture should be preferred and projected as the culture elements worthy of emulation even as the good aspect of urban culture are brought within the reach of the ruler masses do proper social and economic development.

The role of cinema a powerful cultural medium in the stars is far from satisfactory.

Boosting The Indian Economy From Make In India

Indian Economy - Top Indian economy depends on farming and Rly. Indian economy website shows data of Indian economy growth with Indian economy status. 

Indian Economy - India a low income country - The countries of the world divided into advance and backward economics backward economy sometimes described as under developed Indian economy because of very low per capita income associated with them may also be described as poor country since the process of development has been initiated in these countries they are also known as developing country 

According to the recent World Bank classification the countries of the world divided into low income country middle income countries high income oil exporting countries industrial market economics non market industrial economic communist country the definition of low income countries as those having per capita GNP less than 410 in 1980 India per capita income being around Rash 2344 in 1980 to 85 India is a low income country.

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Indian Economy Is Free 

 

B) Characteristics of an underdeveloped economy one low per capita income too low levels of consumption and standard of living per capita consumption of electricity newspaper motor vehicle telephone etc very low intake of food just above the minimum for sustaining life lack of nutrition foods bulk of population suffering from malnutrition and illiteracy and living in hats 

C) Occupational pattern indicating that the majority of workers were engaged primary production 69% of the population engaged in agriculture which contributes about 40% of national income in an underdeveloped economy the share of income from the agriculture sector is less than the share of employment in agriculture for heavy population pressure high rate of growth of population density of population in many parts of India very high 5 privilege of chronic unemployment and under development in developed countries even a very low rate of of unemployment cause serious concern to the government not so in  an underdeveloped country.

D) Low rate of capital formation through the rate of present 22% in India is satisfactory it should increase for the production of capital goods rather lo 7 month distribution of wealth only 4% of households cornering 31% Abbey wealth in India at poor quality of human capital low level of literacy 36% in 1981 low quality of skill labour output for worker low compare 2 advanced countries 9 prevalence of low level Technology 10 poor economic organisation inadequate operation of by financial institution Marketing Services.

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On Indian Economy Facts 

E) Quality of population - 

The quality of population generally judged by the criteria of life expectancy the level of literacy and the level of Technical skill life expectancy in the India had increased from 41 years at birth to 55 years during the last three decades the level of literacy has increased from 24 % in 1961 to 36% now the number of technically qualified personal skilled and Semi skilled labour hour has increased manifold does a definite improvement in the quality of population however the general standard of the population rather low marked by ill health lack of education and lack of skills 

F) Population explosion -

The tremendous increase in population and in the growth rate of population during 1950 and 1916 has been described as population explosion the sudden increase of growth rate of two 2.5% in some area even to 3% signify add explosive situation to the causes of the population explosion are mainly to be found in the sharp decline in the date rate control of the the epidemic and communicable disease better health care and availability of modern medicine to the bulk of the population prenatal and postnatal care of women improve child health care and attention to important marginal increase in birth rate during this period attributable to slightly improved standards of nutrition and living among the lower classes of population the effect of birth control programs on growth rate of population negligible except in certain pockets in last few years.

G) Effect of population explosion -

Population explosion retarding economic development reduces per capita income and per capita availability of food increase in the burden of and productive consumer increase in unemployment increases in picture on social welfare Mirza like education health Medicare pressure of population on land effect of development nullified effects of the big size of the Family on the family itself disastrous.

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Indian Economy Growth At Present 

H) Malthusian theory -

The basic theory of multiple that population increases in geometric progression whereas food production increases in Arithmetic progression appears to be verified for India during 1950 and 1960

I)  Population Policy - 

1) since independence of government has recognised the need for Population Policy about the alarming increasing in growth rate Rapid decline in that rate is accompanied by proportional decreases in birth rate the effect of such demographic situation on the economy of a country can be cal Amita hence the government family planning and population policies

                                       

2) a brief history of family planning in India exclusion two family planning during the first three plan negligible they approach of the government based on Persuasion from individual to individual not very successful Step Up in the family planning programme and scheme since the the 4 plan during the 5 Plan occlusion of 1010 crore of Family Welfare operation of the birth control method by using compulsion during the emergency in 1975 - 77 its adverse effect continued till 1982. 

                                            

3) VI Plan objectives the long term demographic goal of India is to reduce the net reproduction rate NRR by 1996 for the whole country and by 2001 for each of the states the present level of net reproduction rate is 1.65 the birth rate for thousand to be reduced from 33 in 1978 to 21 and death rate to be reduced form 16 in 1981 to 9% per thousand by the end of the century 60% of The Eligible couple to be protected the target of birth rate for the VI plan is is 25% per thousand which is unlikely to be relied for the country as a whole The Other target envisaged by the VI plan are 22 million sterilization 8 million IUD insertions and protection to 36% eligible couple.

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Indian Economy Today 2025

J) Strategy and programmes of family planning -

The basic strategy of making the family planning programme a part of the total National efforts for providing a better life to the people family planning is not to be the sole responsibility of any one department of the government all government departments are to be involved use of education for promoting family planning integrated approach and coordination of all activities including maternal and Child Health Care Education and nutrition involvement of agencies use of incentives monetary service and other provision of Health Services along with the birth control measures of sterilisation or insertion use of scientific innovations like laparoscopic operation.

K)   Choice of methods  -

India has adopted the cafeteria approach two family planning wild choice of method terminal method like sterilization non terminal methods like IUD condom and oral pill the choice left to the couple without Corporation aphids to to remove misapprehension about the non efficacy or side effects of any of the method the use of operation medical termination of pregnancy is not an accepted method of family planning however it is the legal and certain benefits are attached to it.

L)  Motivation  -

Motivation and important part of the family planning drive motivation of family planning workers officials and doctors involvement of voluntary Agencies motivation of Industrial and other establishment extension education.

M) The latest family planning efforts  -

Recently the Government of India announced a number of new insane incentive compensation to acceptor has been substantially increased up distribution of green cards to the acceptor of the terminal method of guaranteed professional treatment by government wherever hay fever monetary rewards in the forms of community effort to asset to identifiable group cash ward for the best performing state establishment of health outpost in congested urban area and slums the government had decided not to Resort to distinctive in furtherance of Family Welfare programme .

Conclusion :-

Latest review of the family planning effort indicates satisfactory results main state have exceeded the target in 1925 - 26. This is the indicators of the Indian economy. 

How Equality Can Eradicate Poverty

Inequality - Poverty :- Leave alone measurement even the concept of poverty is complicated and to solve the main issue of poverty is inequality

Inequality - Poverty :- Concept definition and estimate of poverty the difficulty in defining precisely  the poverty line the centre statistical organisation which has studied poverty recently concluded that study of inequality - poverty conducted by Bardhan Minhas Ojha Dandekar and Rath the estimate of poverty given by the the VII finance commission the latest definition and estimate given by VI plan document poverty line is defined as the midpoint of the monthly per capita expenditure class having daily calorie intake of 2400 per person in rural areas and 2100 in urban areas at 1984 - 85 prices the mid-point are  Rupees 107 in rural area and rupees 122 in urban areas according to formal definition in 1977 - 78 the percentage of people below the poverty line 51% in rural area 38% in urban area and 48% .

All India wide variation in the incidence of poverty among different States 4% in Nagaland 15% in Punjab and 66% in Orissa the definition of poverty As given about take into to account only the minimum food requirement other requirements like clothing housing extra and are taken into account for the people below the poverty line average monthly consumption expenditure workout to rupees 53 where as the average monthly consumption for an Indian is only rupees 96 this shows that many people above the poverty line are not having a satisfactory standard of living.

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Inequality In India 

B)  Removal of poverty during the plan period :-

Removal of poverty recognised as an important aspect of Social Justice one of the basic objective of planning in India although general rise in the standard of living in face in the formulation of the plans no concrete programs where launcher to deal with poverty during the first three plans only during the fourth plan Ad Hoc measure were taken to make a direct impact on poverty minimum needs programme was made an integral part of fifth plan with an allotment of rupees 2607 crore this program was rain force in the six plan.

C)  VI Plan goods an anti poverty programmes :-

This VI plan deal with problem of poverty in three stages 1 identification and Measurement second development of Elastic targets third formulation of specific programs to match the target it is realised that the people below the poverty line generally have no assets are a little assets with very low productivity if you really want skill and no regular Jobs the target fixed by the 6 plan to reduce the percentage of people below the poverty line to 39% without any redistribution of consumption expenditure and to 30% with distribution of consumption expenditure through different anti poverty programmes the important anti poverty programmes of VI plan are IRDP , NREP special component plan for the treatment of the scheduled caste the integrated rural development programs is expected to covered 12 million household and to lift 61 million persons in rural areas about the poverty line nearly 6 million people in urban areas will also be brought about the poverty line NREP will supplement the Other anti poverty programs by providing jobs to the ruler poor during the slack season.

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Poverty In India 

D)  Minimum needs programme :-

The program which was introduced in the plan has been continued in the plan with the following components elementary education including adult education ruler health ruler water supply ruler roads ruler electrification housing assistance to ruler handles people urban slum improvement and nutrition the program is conclude essentially as investment in human resource development provision of free or subsidised services through public Agencies is expected to improve the consumption level of the people below poverty line and thereby improve their productive efficiency it has been found that without a program like this the benefits of most schemes may fail to reach the poorest section of the people the allotment in the VI plan rupees 5907 crore long-term objectives and targets for 1984 - 85 have been fixed in the case of most of the times the state governments have to include that bulk of the expenditure except in the programs ruler water supply ruler health and elementary education which the centre will make substantial contribution.

E)  Causes of feature to reduce poverty :-

a the main cause of poverty are under development and integrity in ruler areas poverty previous mainly among the agricultural labour and marginal farmer India won areas power 30 identified with people who are employed an unemployed and are migrant worker the impressive place on growth by the planets totally ignore the poverty of economic development no serious effort made to ensure that the benefits of the welfare scheme and economic assistance assistant reached  mainly the lowest section of the people reduction in inequality was not considered indispensable for an attack on mass poverty production and distribution where generally treated separately the concomitant comment problems relating to land for reforms inflection technological innovation resulted in the worsening of the poverty situation.

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Inequality How To Solve

F)  Equality in wealth and income :-

1. Bottom 20% of the population accounted for only 4% of the national income and the top five percent concurrent 31% during the poor household as one with asset less than rupees 2500 in 1971 the VI plan en-w many states that the percentage of such households has increased from 33 % in 1961 to 30% in 1971 

2. World bank has classified inequalities into three categories: inequality prevails in the country where the share of the lowest 40% of the population in national income in less than 12% moderate inequalities in countries where the lowest 40% of population have a shared between 12% and 17% of the national income low equality prevails in countries where the lowest 40% of the population accounts for more than 70% of the national income India where the bottom 40% of the population account for 30% in 1967 - 68 comes in the category of moderate inequality countries.

G) Concentration of wealth in India :-

The Maha labobis committee on the distribution of income in its reports of 1964 has analysed the problem of concentration of economic power in India the mono policy enquiry Commission headed by yes that also dealt with the concentration of economic power of in India the main cause of the concentration of wealth was the prevalence of managing system which was abolished theoretically through the first Constitutional Amendment another cause of concentration intercompany investment third cause maybe conquering of new opportunities and licence of industrial development by well established business houses absence of encouragement to new entrepreneurs according to Datt Committee report concentration of economic power has accelerated economic growth and has supplied managerial skill of high quality in India

The report has been criticized on various accounts based on its recommendation mono policies and restrictive trade practices act of 1970 was passed the Act defines a Big Business House as one with total asset of interconnected undertaking amounting 2 Rupees 20 crore or more in 1975 it was found that as many as 203 atoms were controlled by single farm monopolies the restriction on MRTP companies have recently been relax very much to facilitate their setting of of industries in backward districts and for export promotion.

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Poverty Define 

H) Growth of monopoly capital and big business houses in India :-

Monopoly capital in the capital investment in joint operation or by a big business houses to acquire a dominant share in the corporate private sector stocks of industrial capital factor contributing to growth of monopoly capital are there control over Financial Institutions even after the nationalisation of banks their diversification and technological innovation government policy encouraging big business through tax incentive on various ground the role of public sector Financial Institutions like LIC and Industrial Development Bank of India grabbing of Business and industrial opportunities by big businesses houses through money Manipulation a few business houses are able to to control big companies even when their investment is very low for example Mafatlal group company in which family shareholding is less than 1% of the total assets Tata who sharing holding in their companies less than 0.4 % etc. big business houses have grown phenomenally since independence they have been allowed to invest in the crore sector following the Recommendation of the committee Tatas and Birlas having almost equal assets rupees 1500 crore each account for nearly 40% of the total asset of the top 20 business houses.

I)  Measures of check concentration of economic power :-

efforts taken by the government from time to time have had little impact on preventing growth of monopoly capital and concentration of economic power from of the measures are expansion of public sector government participation Indian large scale industries licensing system tightening of company administration encouragement of small and medium entrepreneurs use of taxation .

MRTP act imposition of ceiling of urban property through urban land ceiling and Regulation Act of 1976. Economic growth, social justice, self reliance and modernisation with inequality - poverty are the four primary objectives of planning in India.

Conclusion -

Equality is not just a moral imperative—it is a practical solution to poverty. When individuals have equal access to education, healthcare, employment, and justice, the cycle of poverty begins to break. By leveling the playing field, we empower marginalized communities, unlock economic potential, and foster inclusive growth. True progress happens when every person, regardless of their background, has the opportunity to thrive. Therefore, investing in equality isn’t just about fairness—it’s the foundation for a poverty-free and sustainable future.

Deep-Rooted Casteism in India

Casteism And Caste - Due to the lack of Love, Smile, Morality in the society responsible for Casteism and Caste Conflict, improving Caste System. 

Casteism And Caste  -  The term is conveniently used as a label to find fault with the people of backward caste who have recently awakened to they writes casteism has been practicing the down the age by the upper cut particularly the Brahmins during the British period the upper caste used to Corner almost all the jobs in the governments and in private sector the cast affiliation was the predominant consideration for requirement of personnel under the old regime since the establishment of democracy the backward classes and schedule caste who continues and overwhelming  majority of population in most part of India have been demanding their due share of the government post seats in educational institutions and positions in public life the Congress the communist parties and some other national parties whose top leadership accommodate very few persons of the majority of backward and depressed caste have made the maximum possible collective efforts to maintain the hegemonic of the brahmins and other upper caste in the National life .

Yet under the pressure of mass politics gradual concessions in favour of scheduled caste Scheduled Tribes and backward classes have been extracted the backward classes have now a days organised themselves through caste organisations in order to assert their political weight this phenomenon which is definitely caste based is dubbed as casteism by the upper castes or classes   who have grown intolerant of the rising stature of the backward majority in the country.

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Inequality - Poverty Guideline Problem Of The Nation.

Caste Definition 

Based on the age old old actress caste system with 4 its varnas numerous caste and sub caste the Indian society has always had the potential for exploitation based on this hereditary treat casteism is defined as attachment to once caste and allowing one perception and decisions to be crowded it cost consideration even today there are some who denounce casteism without condemning the caste system caste conflicts have taken new form in the post independence period oving to circumstances arising out of Democratic practice and setup.

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Caste system and Conflicts 

1. several forms of conflicts based on this cost 

2. atrocities on Harijan in the present context assertion of their rights by the backward caste and scheduled caste in rural areas is recent it too by the upper caste and dominant backward caste of the areas caste violence on schedule caste and minority backward classes in order to teach lesson 

3. reaction from the awakened and organises dual caste and backward classes in the form of Counter attack on the upper caste and organising for protection etc 

a search caste conflict quite common in the village of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar .

4. caste conflict between the dominant backward caste of the area instigated by the upper caste organisation and leaders and the minority difference caste gathering Momentum in states like Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh etc.

 5. another form of caste conflict is anti reservation and Pro reservation agitations.

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Agitation against Reservations Caste matters - 

5 reservation for backward classes in the context of mass politics the affected upper caste who had once more no polished practically all feat in educational institution and post in government in the name of merit have started fighting back in order to maintain their traditional stranglehold in 1981 the Parliament passed resolution unanimously that the constitutional protection for scheduled caste and tribes through reservation should continue without time limit as at present .

Agitation was directed against the reservation for scheduled caste and tribes the court in India had once fully backed the upper caste in curtailing the scope of reservation the present legal position is that caste based reservation can be made without limitation on the percentage - yet whenever reservation is made for backward classes on the basis of their population strength anti reservation agitation have been started by the vested interest search education success rate in Gujarat but did not success the match in Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh etc .

If the anti reservation agitations in favour of privileged minority caste are allowed to succeed backlash in the form of reservation agitation by the difference from majority is bound to make more dangerous impact on the Indian polity.

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Religion and Politics, Casteism in India  

Mixing or religion and politics has become very common despite India basic commitment to secularism even Mahatma Gandhi can be accused of having mixed up the to although he did not wish to produce the disharmony among people through such mixing religion oriented political parties like Muslim League jansangh Akali Dal etc religious affiliation and cost of party members and the constituencies taken into account in choice of election candidates by National and state parties the short-term gains served by many political leaders in rousing the communal feelings the disgruntted leaders and dissident in ruling party for menting communal trouble I want only open identification of ruler and officers with communal organisations meeting and proper conduct during the last few years even the major political parties like the Congress approving blatantly communal arts in order to win the favour of the majority community formation of majority Wings in political parties in order to neuture vote banks.

Conversion Politics -

Definition conversion a religious phenomena how it gets politician in the context of recent mass conversion of Schedule Caste to Islam .

Legal position -

Protection given to conversion based on conviction restriction in the forms of freedom of religion X in some States prohibition of use of endorsement or treat for conversion no provision for beering conversion 

Mass conversion earlier there had been mass conversion to Buddhist aur Buddhism initiated by Dr BR Ambedkar conversion to Islam for Christianity individually going on mass conversion to Islam recent event efforts to counter such conversions in Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh 

Conclusion -

Political implication set back to the majority religion hence the UN cry demo graphic significance implications of elections and politicians who are unable to take side openly and Important political issue to divide the country some organisation exploring the situation to with up communal feelings a weapon for scheduled caste to express their political strains a new pressure tactic lack of confidence in government machinery involvement of foreign money. In this way in India remains mindly and internally problems of casteism and caste somebody human thinking tendency till now.

Social Development Challenges in the Digital Age

 Good Morning Friend,

Social Development - Many top person make a career in social development.  social development is necessary in the society activities.

Social Development - Society in India , society in a simple language society main defined as a network of social relationship among people. It is good to remember that the term society does not refer to people or a group of people 

In fact society is a complex pattern of norms of interaction between people in a group.

Some have defined society  as a complex of farms process association and institution in a community .

Society has certain structure and functions .

The term community is generally used for a smaller group within a society .

Such a group has all tribute such as community for entertainment definite locality and concrete existence . In the living life in the society the  social development is essential to improve the poverty guideline.

Generally it is associated with faith customs natural solidarity and a common will where as a society is associated with public opinion fashion contractual solidarity private property and individual will .

Chief characteristic of Indian society are the caste system Agrarjan class structure urban classes multiplicity of months multiplicity of religion with free dominance of Hinduism variety of regional culture the joint family system spiritual Outlook and superstitions stream resistance to change in traditions and value etc .

While the Indian society is built on the above mentioned foundations Rapid changes that have been taking place since the beginning of the 20th century have resulted in or brought to focus the social problem and the the nascent features of the present day Indian society .

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Casteism And Caste - Conflicts In India The Ugly Truth.

• Social Development Goal And Social Stratification 

The horizontal division of society into higher and lower social units is called social stratification .

Division of society into various economic social political or religious classes is a basic features of society. 

Every type of division cannot be described as a stratification for example made division of society in two different religion communities is not a social stratification .

Inequality of status is a basic cried on for societies stratification .

While there are various theories on the origin of social stratification all are agreed the stratification is based on inequality .

Division of society into social classes may be based on criteria of birth wealth occupation education etc .

In the modern society we generally recognised the following classes capital list high upper middle lower middle low.

Further classification search as manager White Collar and blue collar worker etc may also be made according to to convenience .

The functional utility of class division in society that are generally altribute are stability of society and motivation and coordination of people .

In the Indian context cost is an important Criterion for society stratification .

Big caste system which might have originally evolved from the the varna system of the vedic Aryans has resulted in the division of society into a number of strata .

Inter relation between caste and class in the Indian context is matter on which scholar are divided in their opinions 

However it is undeniable the satisfaction the class stratification have been super imposed on Indian society 

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Inequality - Poverty Guideline Problem Of The Nation.

Social Development Skills And Social Mobility 

When a person family or group in a society which is stratified move up or down vertical mobility take place. 

a in this sense there can be no vertical mobility in the caste Harish in India expect through the process described as a Sanskritisation .

But the class hierarchy clearly permits vertical mobility .

Scenes class is based on status when status of a person or group changes his its class also may change .

Person may improve his status through education wealth political power or personal connections .

Some of the agent of social change which cause social mobility directly or indirectly our education economic development westernization and urbanization .

Horizontal mobility acquires mainly in the form of occupational mobility .

When a person gives up one equation profession or employment and takes up another which does not necessarily increases his economic or political power there is occupational mobility for example han medical practitioner in government service resign the job and set up private practice equational mobility occurs .

The Other types of mobility spatial mobility take place when a person or family changes is its normal place of Residence or work .

Seasonal and Temporary migration within the country and aboard also will result in hierarchy mobility .

As instance we make coat this is Null out- migration of agriculture labour or from a group of countries for definite periods .

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Social Development Issue And Westernisation 

Indian psychology the term westernization refers to the social changes that have acquired in Indian during the British rule and after .

The changes contemplated under this term over Lifestyle relating to eating racing dancing entertainment it is a mental aspect such as a knowledge of English literature and Science and value aspect like punctuality rationalism humanitarianism secularism etc .

Does the youth Revolt against author of way of living rejection of taboos regarding food and social relations ship taking in of Western habits and practices such as happy culture .

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Social Development Theory And  Sanskritisation 

This is a term introduced by the Indian sociologist to interpret the phenomenon in which the behaviour of person or a group in a society is inclusive and guided by a reference group .

In social logical purlins reference group is a group in society which is used as a standard to evaluate Vansh attitude customs rituals etc .

In the Indian context it is assume that some of the so called low cost Hindus or tribals at the custom rituals and ways of life of the twice born caste particularly the brahmins .

Some persons of a low-cost or a middle cast Mein practice vegetarianism and teetotalism with the false hope that after sometime probably after generations they will acquire a better status in the caste hierarchy .

Conclusion -

The sociologist are agreed that this process has very limited scope and Italy scenes any improvement in status in the Varna hierarchy is simply ruled out 

The basic differences between Sanskritisation  and westernization are clear. That's why everybody learn more social development theory keyword for network.