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Monday, 28 July 2025

Energy Innovations in Modern Technology



Energy In Technology - Most energy  and Power Technology examples with energy Technology factor as energy and Technology hired energy in technology.




Energy In Technology - Importance of energy is required for all motions and growth in the physical world. Since the earliest days of Civilization human beings have used their own Mushkil powers animal power and fire for meeting the essential energy in technology needs.

The use of tools for production of the food with the necessary accompanying energy as typified by agriculture and hunting brings into sharp focus the essential nature of energy it is said that even in 400 BC oil is used as a lamp fuel in the Greek Islands.

Their use of wind energy for navigation and in the form of wind mills in 3 year old and was prevalent in the different parts of the worlds.

However with the invention of steam engine in the 18th century energy acquired a special significance ushering in the industrial revolution.


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Energy Technology Impact Factor  



The ultimate source of energy  -

Till recent times it was thought that energy and matter where quite distance and hence the total quantum of energy in the world was always concerned in spite of conservation of energy from one form to another.

The important physical forms of energy are mechanical potential and kinetic heat radiating light radio it is chemical energy electromagnetic radiation and nuclear.

Sum of the energy conservation are reversible but some others are Irreversible. However the ultimate source of energy in the solar system.

The energy that emanate from the sun in the forms of radiation and is incident on the earth is ultimately responsible for the all different forms in which we find energy in the solar system.

The Solar radiations takes three different forms of the electromagnetic spectrum ultraviolet light and infrared.

The light from the sun is essential for photosynthesis in the green plant which process they ultimately responsible for the existence of all plants and animal life on the earth.

Decide the heat from the sun also provides the climate for the growth of crops and explain the formation of the freshwater on earth in the forms of rain and snow.

All chemical fuels like wood cow dogs and the whole range of the fossil fuel calls oil and natural gases are ultimately derived from plants and animal life that have grown because of the action of the Sun. The human and animal energy also can be ultimately traced to the solar energy.



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Energy And Power Technology Definition  




Different sources of energy


The non commercial sources of energy include human and animal energy.

The primitive sources of fuel energy include would outs etc.

The conventional sources of energy are coal oil natural gas that it is.

These conventional sources are also described as non renewable or exhaustible since all of them are likely to be e depleted in the long run.

Nuclear energy is also sometimes considered a conventional source of the energy but it may as will be included in the list of non conventional and renewable sources of energy which list included solar energy bio energy wind energy tidal energy Ocean energy geothermal energy etc. The term alternate sources of energy is used to cover the renewable sources of energy listed above.

It is worth nothing that bio energy and animal energy have been in use from time immemorial and qualify to be called new and Renewable Sources only in the context of their modern forms.




Energy And Technology  




Solar Energy -

The energy from the sun in the forms of solar radiation which is in in reality the basic source of all energy in the solar system has been rediscovered as an important alternate source of energy in the latter half of the 20 century.

Since the world started looking around for new and renewable source in addition to the conventional sources naturally the first such Renewable Sources to attract the attention of the scientist what the solar energy.

It is estimated that nearly 35% of the energy from the sun incident on the atmosphere is reflected back into open space about 18% is absorb by the atmosphere and it user to drive the wine systems.

Nearly 47 % of solar radiation does reaches the earth.

The quantum of energy is so what that in one year the Solar Energy incident on India is equivalent to 120 trillion tons of coal that is more than 20 times the coal Reserve of the world.

It is said that all energy used by any country is less than the sunlight that strikes only its buildings.

This gives an idea of scope for utilisation of solar energy.


The use of solar energy for crying the crops clothes and other products has been known since the ancient times
a even efforts have been made in the remote past to concentrate solar energy through reflector how you are the modern use of solar energy are contemplated in the form of
1) conservation of solar energy into heat to conservation of solar energy directly into electricity
2) bio energy and for conservation of solar energy into other forms by making use of wind waves temperature gradient in the ocean etc.

Solar energy in the form for heat  -


By using a blackened sheet of collecting the radiant energy of the Sun and preventing loss of heat from this it due to conduction Convection and radiation the temperature of the sheet can be rise to a maximum of 140 degree Celsius solar collector is a device to insulate the blackened to radiation from such heat loss.

1st floor collector forms part of the various solar energy appliance used as cookers heater Dairy a returner's steam generators and as a desalination device.

Solar cooker of different types are pictured commercially in India.

In fact India became the first country to start commercial manufacture of solar cooker on large scale in 1982.

This Solar water heating system have many applications in domestic and industrial sectors.


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Photo voltaic Technology  -


The conversion of solar Radiant energy directly into electricity is done using photo voltaic Technology.

The photo voltaic effect of certain solid-state materials is the basic principle applied in the construction of a solar cell.

The first practical solar cell was produced in the USA in 1954, Using a single crystal silicon.

Since then the solar cells have been used mainly in the outer space to provide power for various requirements in satellites.

Solar cell is essentially a semiconductor device which permit generation of voltage when lights fall on it.

The fission of solar cell is defined as the ratio of the electric power output to the amount of solar energy incident on the same most of the photon energy not recovered as electricity is converted into thermal energy in the cell. The life span of the single crystal Silicon device ranges between 15 to 20 years.


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Energy And Power Technology Examples 




Wind Energy  -

Wind energy has been used for thousands of years for year for propelling ships pumping water and grinding grain.

Wind energy conversion takes place ok small wind mills for water pumping are operating in several countries including India.

Wind energy is a high quality from of mechanical energy that can be e converted into electrical energy with minimal energy loss.

The technical journal on wind energy of the UN conference of new and renewable sources of energy at Nairobi in 1981 has pointed out that wind energy has been traditionally cost effective and that recent experiment proved that improved knowledge of wind system should lead to the white scale contribution of energy from the wind.

However there are practical problems particularly regarding the idle period when wind energy is not available for operation.




 Ocean Energy -

Energy from the motion is available in several forms such as Ocean Thermal Energy wave energy tidal energy gallon salinity gradient ocean currents Ocean winds and Biomass of the ocean.

of the the first for the more promising one of economic excitation.

Atoms at setting up Ocean Thermal Energy conversion plants are one throughout the world.

In India a plant it has been set up in Lakshadweep OTEC plant makes use of the temperature gradient between the surface and the depth.

Apart from electricity it produce by product like food fertilizers Methane aluminium Ammonia liquid hydrogen and fresh water.

Regarding use of waves energy research is containing in several institutions in the world to develop economical device to harness wave energy.

Non commercial scale wave energy unit has been established to fat oven the several problems relating to sea corrosion transmitting the power ashore.


Bio - Energy

This term includes all those processes where biological forms of matter such as plants vegetable bacteria etc provides the basic for energy or it's conversion from one form to another.

Wide use of wind energy bioenergy is the burning of woods plants and Agriculture matter to produce heat .

Vegetable Biomass is a new name of plant organic material where in solar energy trapped and stored through the process of photosynthesis . Biomass includes terrestrial and aquatic  matters which are grouped into three categories new plant growth plant reduces and waste.

Conclusion :-

About 40% of the total energy in technology consumed in India today comes from Woods , wood waste and animal waste. Most dried from of biomass can be burnt directly to produce heat steam or electricity but bio logical convention Technologies Utilising natural anaerobic decay process produce high quality fuels directly from Biomass are Methane from bacterial Fermentation for ethanol from east Fermentation. Thermo chemical conversion Technologist utilise high temperatures and pressures in the absence of oxygen.


Saturday, 26 July 2025

Culture of India Issues & Identity




Culture Of India - Culture is true moment of Indian culture facts in Culture of India. Culture definition may be right for become expert in culture.





Culture Of India - Unifying and divisive forces , India is a land of contrasts.  Unity in diversity rather than uniformity is the norms of in India .

This give a clue to identify the unifying and divisive forces in India .

True India was never a single political unit before independence in 1947 the Culture Of India unity of this subcontinent was recognised inside and outside the country .

The natural geographical boundaries common history linguistic relations and religious harmonium a strong unifying factors in the past .

This was so because no uniformity was enforced in the matter of language religion history and culture .

It is worth nothing that this very factor can become disruptive and divisive when force is used and uniformity is sought to be achieved .

This is the Crux of cultural problems in India .

That India culture is composite has not been traced sufficiently in recent times .

The Indian culture we do not mean a uniform culture prevailing in the section of the society how your powerful this section may be politically economically and socially .

Besides the main crop employees consent not consensus .

So in our polity there is no scope for the minority in the aspect to trust anything down the thoughts of the minority in order to achieve the uniformity .

Unless this basic positions is understood it will be impossible to solve the cultural problem of the country amicably .

We discuss below the different aspect of our composite Culture Of India which possess problems from time to time. India's Cultural Problems, the Need for Cultural Reforms in any society are closely linked to social and economic reforms .


After independence the Indian government has introduced some major economic reforms .

These and indirectly change the cultural landscape of India .

The impact of social reforms like abolition of untouchability emancipation of Women's , prohibition of dowry, reservation for the schedule caste and tribes etc on the culture arena have wind still more momentous. However there is a case for carrying the economic and social reforms to their logical conclusion .

Interprocess the integrity of our national culture may undergo district changes .

Big reforms should be spearheaded by enlightened individuals and institutions in the society the government cannot successfully carry out degree forms only through legislation .

If the basic contradictions in the society are successfully resolved we may hope that a new strong and composite National culture will arise on the Indian scene.

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Indian Culture Facts Religion And Secularism




The pervasive religion of India is Hinduism and its married variations

Hinduism is not having a common hierarchical setup .

This is both its strength and its weakness .

There is hardly a dogma to which all Hindus subscribe Hinduism accommodated within its fold all person ranging from artistic to monotheists and polytheists .

It is a unique kind of tolerance that was responsible for the survival and vigour of Hinduism throughout the ages and for keeping the diverse masses of India under one Umbrella .

The balance and harmony within Hinduism itself will be upset if sectarian approach gains dominance.

The different set of Hinduism which subscribe to specific dogmas and Adopt characteristic ways of life are actually  in minority .

Its small groups and sit try to project there on philosophy or theologies as applicable to all Hindus the religion harmony in the country will be violently disturbed.

Minority religious communities have lived in India from time immemorial .

In fact the religion of the tribal in India are essentially separate from the majority religion communal harmony in India had been based on mutual understanding and tolerance.

The Muslim throughout India and Christians in South India lead a social life hardly distinguishable from that of the Hindus .

Even when the religious minorities preserve their social identity in the local community there is a lot of Give and take between the people of all communities .

Big come in your harmony in India is clearly seen in the celebration of major festivals of India and in important local festivities .

Thus there is no inherent source of religion conflict in India .

Dick come in your disturbances that have occurred  in India since the beginning of this century have no parallel in the past nor are they based on invertebrate hurted and Amity  as in certain other parts of the world .

So what is important is that the saints of religious tolerance should be further cultivated and all the politician in India should sincerely undertake not to bring religion into politics.

India is needed to secularism, defining secularism or S.  Radhakrishnan says secularism here does not mean irreligion or atheism  or even stress on material Comforts. It proclaims that it Lays stress on the universality of spiritual values which may attend by the variety of ways . Bit to impair in Indian history who South to give a secular polity to India are Ashoka and Akbar.

Ashoka in rock edict proclaimed one who reverence one's own religion and this disparages of an other does injury to one's own religion .

It is very  Concord of religion that is meritorious .

Centuries later Akbar permitted the various religious communities are divine Treasures entrusted to us by God.

We must love them as such.

It should be our form faith that every religion is blessed by him .

This secular tradition should be  carried forward.


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Indian Culture And Language




In independence India the full diversity of regional culture has come to the forefront and is gaining momentum.

Its progress can be arrested only at peril to National Unity .

The foreign rule and the English language had given a semblance of uniformity to Indian culture.

Now that we are free the natural tendency of every region and language is to assert its importance and fast Glory .

In this sense culture itself become a divisive force and caused a strain on the fragile political unity of India .

Language is a sensitive issue and in a country where crores of people speak a fully grown language.

It is difficult to deny that language its rightful place .

In India the number of such languages runs into 15 if not more .

So many attempts to have a common language or link language has to be pursued with extraordinary cautions and maturity .

It is easy to stirrup honest nest but very difficult to set up right abbreviation in this delicate matter
Even when Sanskrit was patronised by all rulers in Northern India it could not become the language of the masses and had to die 2000 years ago .

Tamil which had grown to its full stature even before Sanskrit came to India and which still continues to be alive and strong having given birth to other drive Indian languages .

Still could not spread to the whole of India . Persian which was the court language for many centuries give only a few common words to the whole of India .

English with all its advantage as a modern language and as a state language for nearly two centuries is still can fine to a small percentage of the Indian population.

Under the circumstances The possibility of having a common language acceptable to the whole of India is really remote .

In any case concurrent efforts to force any such language can only  Boomerang at this juncture.
 India is really caught in the horn of the dilema with regards to its language policy .

Does states are going ahead with full vigour to introduce their regional languages at all stages of Administration and education .

On the other hand there is glamour for advancing the piece of Hindi as the common language of the countries.

Of course none will plead the case of English expect on the ground of expediency and practicability .

These contradictions can be e amicably resolved only why granting the popularity of Indian culture .

It is not uniformity in the linguistic field that will unit India but genius understanding based on the reality of multiplicity language.

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Culture(Regional) And History





The cultural practices of the reason the community and Groups of India is varied.  Which tribal community has its own culture practices .

So many attempts to project the superiority of the culture of any groups reason or community over those of other will stain the culture harmony in India .

Already there is a reaction in the southern States against the claim made by some groups that the Aryans where the standards the area of the Indian civilization and the vedic culture is real culture of India .

The tribal state in the north and east India and somewhat worried about the loss of Identity of their culture .

The recent attempts to ban cow slaughter causes of serious missgivings in the minds of people in the outline States.

For quite some time history of North India officially date of the reason round Delhi has been projected as the only history of India .

Now efforts are being made by many states governments to write the the history of their reasons.

All the regional histories should be integrated to prepare a comprehensive and unbiased history of India.


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Role Of The Government in Culture Definition 




Strictly speaking culture is not a function of the state.

However in the parts the ruler and the kings where the best patterns of Arts and culture .

The modern will for States cannot but participate in such a Vital field of life as a culture .

But it is desirable that on the whole the role of the states is this respect is a negative one .

That States should normally step in only when there is any clash of culture interest or distortion of basic values.

State patronage to culture in India has taken the forms of department of culture at the centre the three Academy Sahitya Academy and Sangeet Natak Academy and Lalit Kala Academy and the Indian Council for cultural relations.

Conclusion :-

State to cultural Institutions and individual may easily degenerate into an instrument of control over the development of culture of India and arts .

Besides sectional Culture Of India may be promoted at the cost of the people







Thursday, 24 July 2025

Culture Evolution In Everyday India





Culture India - No culture can be immune to change the new cleavages introduce in the society by modernization along class, rural and urban lines.





Culture India  - Thick composite culture of India has undergone modernization to some extent and the impact of modernization contrary to the common belief husband wholly good and has been in the direction of strengthening the culture unity of India.


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The Impact Of Modernisation 




Today Indians in general the educated Indians in particular share common political ideas and take part in common political process.

These modern ideas and institutions have created a common Outlook in all Indians the like of which I was never experienced before.

The political leaders and statesmen at the national level today exercise and improves that could never have been dreamt of the most powerful ruler in the past.

Still Gator has been the impact of modern mode of living on the Indian culture.

Food and dress habits of the people have been considerable e affected by the modern Civilization which had its origin in Europe and America.

There is an all round tendency to imitate and to adopt the Western style of living.

The Western Civilization with its emphasis on materialism and comfort cannot but make more and more inroads into any tradition bound culture for the simple reason that the former makes life more comfortable.

Most of the Indian godmen,  philosopher and custodians of culture have taken to modern means of comfort and luxury.

So it is too much to expect that the mass of Indians will stick to their old ways of life discarding their allurements  material comfort.

It is an an irony that the more the the Indians adopt the Western style of Living the stronger will be the culture unity of India.

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New Attitudes 




In the  context of building a new Indian culture for the future the attitude which we have already any inherited to some extent from contact with the western culture become very important.

Some of these attitudes might have had there moorings in the accent Indian culture heritage birthday really 12 fact is that this attitude in the form suitable for the modern age have to be widely diffused to create a strong and United India and to  evolve a suitable culture for the all future.

Foremost among these attitude is the scientific attitude or scientific temper that now find a place in our constitution.

Along with scientific temper goes rationalism.

The scientific temper is necessary not only to make the fullest use of science and technology in the modern world and to produce more and more first-rate scientist in the country but also to find meaningful solution to our numerous problems and to get rid of a host of superstitions and obscurantism practices which keep the mass of people mentally backward in spite of the material progress .

Revivalism and obscurantism have got a new lease of life in India since independence.

If allowed to profile rate, they will not only take the country backward but imperil the fragile unity of India .


Since we have accepted the idea of secular democratic and socialist state our culture values and ideas have to be modified suitable.

Every model state has to work for industrial progressive.

Send the modern concept of democracy socialism and secularism and the industrial and the urban culture are of Western origin we need not be shy of understanding them in the proper perspective and shy away from taking the good elements in them.

In fact we should learn from others even as he Other countries are expected to learn from.

This does not mean that we should not adapt the new attitude according to our needs and circumstances and to fit the genius of our people.

The modern democracy required for its success respect for individual Liberty readiness to abide by the rule of the game offence of liberalism and in word discipline on the part of the citizenry.

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These attitudes have to be cultivated systematically in the mass of citizens. Socialism can be realised in a democracy only if there is a substantial change in the outlook and value of the people.

It is the lack of this change that is at the root of our failure on the socialist front in spite of all our profession of commitment to socialism.

Vested interest in the country are too many and the masses have not awakened to the new values and Herbs that are necessary for the proper implementations of socialism.

The industrial culture and city life have their own compulsion people cannot but adjust to them.

Mechanical life and daily routine are implicit in the industrial and urban culture people have naturally force to accept new values and aspirations of life like punctuality official promotions etc.

All these cultural elements in herent in modernization have the curious effect off Unity Indian culturally cutting across the traditional division factors such as reason language cast etc it cannot be denied that simultaneously they have divided Indians along new line as we shall presently see.


Harmony Of Class Cultures, Rural And Urban Cultures -




The new cleavages introduce in the society by modernization along class lines and rural and urban lines.

Antagonism has slowly been built between the Elite and masses the educated and the uneducated .

However there is no tussle as such between the groups seen on the one hand the elite and educated themselves claim to champion the cause of masses and the uneducated and on the other hand the Assumed culture Superiority of the former over the letter hardly any scope of the tussle.

The masses and the uneducated have to look up to the light and they educated for leadership in cultural matter .

However the culture of the upper and Middle classes can no more be projected as the National culture of India.

In the past the Aristocrats and the upper class might have claimed to have been the touch bearers of the culture of any country.

Now a days not only the middle classes who constituted a sizable section of the society as opposed to the upper classes who form a small section of the population but even the lower classes including backward classes and depression people cannot be ignored on the culture Arena.

What your might have been the situation in the past culture cannot be regarded as the privilege of any class how you are gifted or talented it may be

Search an other options will go against the basic knots of democracy and socialism.

So culture has to be defined as the harmonious expression of human values common to all the fiction communities and the class of India

This will mean that individual will have full freedom to develop his talent and to create art and culture what will not be allowed to flourish at the cost of others all too to disparage certain sections of this society as inferior to him and his community.

Also due wastage will be given to the culture creation values and practices of the different sections of the society in defining the composite culture of India.



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Whatever has been said above regarding the present imbalance between culture of classes will mutatis  apply to the imbalance between rural and urban culture of India also.

The corrective to be applied is the proper recognise actions of the importance of the ruler culture that is prevalent among 80% of the population.

Conclusion :- 

The good features of the ruler culture should be preferred and projected as the culture elements worthy of emulation even as the good aspect of urban culture are brought within the reach of the ruler masses do proper social and economic development.


The role of cinema a powerful cultural medium in the stars is far from satisfactory.